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hdWGCNA in spatial transcriptomics

Source: vignettes/ST_basics.Rmd
ST_basics.Rmd

Compiled: 07-10-2024

Source: vignettes/ST_basics.Rmd

This tutorial covers the basics of using hdWGCNA to perform co-expression network analysis on transcriptomics (ST) data. Here we primarily focus on sequencing-based approaches like 10X Genomics Visium, (Curio Seeker), and Visium HD. Importantly, there are many different ST approaches resulting in datasets with shared and unique properties which we must consider in our data analysis. For example, some ST protocols have single-cell resolution but only profile a subset of the transcriptome. On the other hand, some ST protocols like Visium and Slide-Seq profile the whole transcriptome. Some ST protocols measure gene expression using sequencing, while others use imaging (i.e. Xenium and CosMX).

Datasets from different ST protocols may require different data analysis steps (i.e. quality control, normalization, clustering), and similarly we take specific steps to perform hdWGCNA for different types of ST. In this tutorial, we demonstrate hdWGCNA using ST datasets from different technologies. First, we use hdWGCNA to analyze a Visium ST dataset containing an anterior and posterior saggital section from the mouse brain. Next, we use hdWGCNA to analyze a Curio Seeker (Slide-Seq) dataset of the mouse hippocampus. Finally, we analyze a similar mouse brain dataset using Visium HD. Overall this tutorial is similar to the hdWGCNA in single-cell data tutorial, and we recommend exploring that tutorial prior to this tutorial.

Load required libraries

First we will load the required R libraries for this tutorial.

# single-cell analysis package
library(Seurat)

# plotting and data science packages
library(tidyverse)
library(cowplot)
library(patchwork)

# co-expression network analysis packages:
library(WGCNA)
library(hdWGCNA)

# enable parallel processing for network analysis (optional)
enableWGCNAThreads(nThreads = 8)

# using the cowplot theme for ggplot
theme_set(theme_cowplot())

# set random seed for reproducibility
set.seed(12345)

10X Visium Dataset

In this section we demonstrate hdWGCNA in ST datasets using a publicly available Visium dataset of the mouse brain.

Load data

Here we use SeuratData to download the mouse brain ST dataset, and we will process the dataset using Seurat.

Note on SeuratData download

In our own testing, we had difficulty running InstallData on our institution’s compute cluster, so we ran these commands locally and then copied the .rds file containing the Seurat seurat_vhd to the cluster for subsequent analysis.

# package to install the mouse brain dataset
library(SeuratData)

# download the mouse brain ST dataset (stxBrain)
SeuratData::InstallData("stxBrain")

# load the anterior and posterior samples
brain <- LoadData("stxBrain", type = "anterior1")
brain$region <- 'anterior'
brain2 <- LoadData("stxBrain", type = "posterior1")
brain2$region <- 'posterior'

# merge into one seurat seurat_vhd
seurat_obj <- merge(brain, brain2)
seurat_obj$region <- factor(as.character(seurat_obj$region), levels=c('anterior', 'posterior'))

# save unprocessed seurat_vhd
saveRDS(seurat_obj, file='mouse_brain_ST_unprocessed.rds')

hdWGCNA requires the spatial coordinates to be stored in the seurat_obj@meta.data slot. Here we extract the image coordinates for the two samples, merge into a dataframe, and add it into the seurat_obj@meta.data. Specifically, the seurat_obj@meta.data must have columns named row, col, imagerow, and imagecol (shown below), otherwise the downstream steps will not work.

IMPORTANT NOTE As of Seurat version 5.1, the image class was updated from VisiumV1 to VisiumV2. This changes how Seurat loads Visium data from the spaceranger outputs. hdWGCNA requires the spot coorinates in the array, and unfortunately as of Seurat version 5.1 this is no longer loaded by default with Load10X_Spatial. spaceranger count outputs a file called tissue_positions.csv, which contains these coordinates. If you are following with the tutorial dataset, at this time we recommend using a Seurat version before v5.1. Please see this GitHub issue for more information.

Instructions for Seurat versions before v5.1

If you are using a Seurat version older than v5.1, these coordinates are already loaded into the Seurat seurat_vhd, and you can use the following code to add the coordinates to the Seurat metadata slot.

# make a dataframe containing the image coordinates for each sample
image_df <- do.call(rbind, lapply(names(seurat_obj@images), function(x){
  seurat_obj@images[[x]]@coordinates
}))

# merge the image_df with the Seurat metadata
new_meta <- merge(seurat_obj@meta.data, image_df, by='row.names')

# fix the row ordering to match the original seurat seurat_vhd
rownames(new_meta) <- new_meta$Row.names
ix <- match(as.character(colnames(seurat_obj)), as.character(rownames(new_meta)))
new_meta <- new_meta[ix,]

# add the new metadata to the seurat seurat_vhd
seurat_obj@meta.data <- new_meta

head(image_df)
    tissue row col imagerow imagecol
AAACAAGTATCTCCCA-1_1      1  50 102     7475     8501
AAACACCAATAACTGC-1_1      1  59  19     8553     2788
AAACAGAGCGACTCCT-1_1      1  14  94     3164     7950
AAACAGCTTTCAGAAG-1_1      1  43   9     6637     2099
AAACAGGGTCTATATT-1_1      1  47  13     7116     2375
AAACATGGTGAGAGGA-1_1      1  62   0     8913     1480
Instructions for Seurat versions after v5.1

If you are using a Seurat version v5.1 or newer, these coordinates are not loaded into the Seurat seurat_vhd by default. We need to load the tissue_positions.csv file from the spaceranger output and then add it into the Seurat seurat_vhd. This section is an example and you need to change the code to use your own file path. If your Seurat seurat_vhd contains more than one sample, you will need to repeat this since each sample will have its own tissue_positions.csv file.

# add barcode column to Seurat obj 
seurat_obj$barcode <- colnames(seurat_obj)

# update this with the path for your sample.
tissue_positions <- read.csv('path/to/tissue_positions.csv')
tissue_positions <- subset(tissue_positions, barcode %in% seurat_obj$barcode)

# join the image_df with the Seurat metadata
new_meta <- dplyr::left_join(seurat_obj@meta.data, tissue_positions, by='barcode')

# add the new metadata to the seurat seurat_vhd
seurat_obj$row <- new_meta$array_row 
seurat_obj$imagerow <- new_meta$pxl_row_in_fullres
seurat_obj$col <- new_meta$array_col
seurat_obj$imagecol <- new_meta$pxl_col_in_fullres

Now we perform clustering analysis using Seurat.

# normalization, feature selection, scaling, and PCA
seurat_obj <- seurat_obj %>%
  NormalizeData() %>%
  FindVariableFeatures() %>%
  ScaleData() %>%
  RunPCA()

# Louvain clustering and umap
seurat_obj <- FindNeighbors(seurat_obj, dims = 1:30)
seurat_obj <- FindClusters(seurat_obj,verbose = TRUE)
seurat_obj <- RunUMAP(seurat_obj, dims = 1:30)

# set factor level for anterior / posterior
seurat_obj$region <- factor(as.character(seurat_obj$region), levels=c('anterior', 'posterior'))

# show the UMAP
p1 <- DimPlot(seurat_obj, label=TRUE, reduction = "umap", group.by = "seurat_clusters") + NoLegend()
p1
p2 <- SpatialDimPlot(seurat_obj, label = TRUE, label.size = 3)
p2
We used the following cluster labels for this analysis.
See cluster labels
seurat_clusters annotation
0 Caudoputamen
1 White matter
2 Cortex L5
3 White matter
4 Cortex L6
5 Medulla
6 Pons
7 Cortex L2/3
8 Cerebellum molecular layer
9 Hippocampus
10 Cortex L1, Vasculature
11 Olfactory bulb outer
12 Cerebellum arbor vitae
13 Thalamus
14 Nucleus accumbens
15 Piriform area
16 Hypothalamums
17 Fiber tracts
18 Olfactory bulb inner
19 Cerebellum granular layer
20 Ventricles
21 Olfactory bulb fiber tracts 
# add annotations to Seurat seurat_vhd
annotations <- read.csv('annotations.csv')
ix <- match(seurat_obj$seurat_clusters, annotations$seurat_clusters)
seurat_obj$annotation <- annotations$annotation[ix]

# set idents
Idents(seurat_obj) <- seurat_obj$annotation

p3 <- SpatialDimPlot(seurat_obj, label = TRUE, label.size = 3)
p3 + NoLegend()

Construct metaspots

Visium ST generates sparse gene expression profiles in each spot, thus introducing the same potential pitfalls as single-cell data for co-expression network analysis. To alleviate these issues, hdWGCNA includes a data aggregation approach to produce spatial metaspots, similar to our metacell algorithm. This approach aggregates neighboring spots based on spatial coordinates rather than their transcriptomes. This procedure is performed in hdWGCNA using the MetaspotsByGroups function.

Here we set up the data for hdWGCNA and runMetaspotsByGroups. Similar to MetacellsByGroups, the group.by parameter slices the Seurat seurat_vhd to construct metaspots separately for each group. Here we are just grouping by the ST slides to perform this step separately for the anterior and posterior sample, but you could specify cluster or anatomical regions as well to suit your analysis.

seurat_obj <- SetupForWGCNA(
  seurat_obj,
  gene_select = "fraction",
  fraction = 0.05,
  wgcna_name = "vis"
)

seurat_obj <- MetaspotsByGroups(
  seurat_obj,
  group.by = c("region"),
  ident.group = "region",
  assay = 'Spatial'
)
seurat_obj  <- NormalizeMetacells(seurat_obj)

The metaspot seurat_vhd is used everywhere that the metacell seurat_vhd would be used for downstream analysis. For example, to extract the metaspot seurat_vhd, you can run the GetMetacellseurat_vhd function.

m_obj <- GetMetacellseurat_vhd(seurat_obj)
m_obj
An seurat_vhd of class Seurat
31053 features across 1505 samples within 1 assay
Active assay: Spatial (31053 features, 0 variable features)

Co-expression network analysis

Now we are ready to perform co-expression network analysis using an identical pipeline to the single-cell workflow. For this analysis, we are performing brain-wide network analysis using all spots from all regions, but this analysis could be adjusted to perform network analysis on specific regions.

# set up the expression matrix, set group.by and group_name to NULL to include all spots
seurat_obj  <- SetDatExpr(
  seurat_obj,
  group.by=NULL,
  group_name = NULL
)

# test different soft power thresholds
seurat_obj <- TestSoftPowers(seurat_obj)
plot_list <- PlotSoftPowers(seurat_obj)

wrap_plots(plot_list, ncol=2)
# construct co-expression network:
seurat_obj <- ConstructNetwork(
  seurat_obj,
  tom_name='test',
  overwrite_tom=TRUE
)

# plot the dendrogram
PlotDendrogram(seurat_obj, main='Spatial hdWGCNA dendrogram')

Next, we compute module eigengenes (MEs) and eigengene-based connectivities (kMEs) using the ModuleEigengenes and ModuleConnectivity functions respectively.

seurat_obj <- ModuleEigengenes(seurat_obj)
seurat_obj <- ModuleConnectivity(seurat_obj)

Here we reset the module names with the prefix “SM” (spatial modules). This step is optional.

seurat_obj <- ResetModuleNames(
  seurat_obj,
  new_name = "SM"
)

Data visualization

Here we visualize module eigengenes using the Seurat functions DotPlot and SpatialFeaturePlot. For network visualization, please refer to the Network visualization tutorial.

# get module eigengenes and gene-module assignment tables
MEs <- GetMEs(seurat_obj)
modules <- GetModules(seurat_obj)
mods <- levels(modules$module); mods <- mods[mods != 'grey']

# add the MEs to the seurat metadata so we can plot it with Seurat functions
seurat_obj@meta.data <- cbind(seurat_obj@meta.data, MEs)

# plot with Seurat's DotPlot function
p <- DotPlot(seurat_obj, features=mods, group.by = 'annotation', dot.min=0.1)

# flip the x/y axes, rotate the axis labels, and change color scheme:
p <- p +
  coord_flip() +
  RotatedAxis() +
  scale_color_gradient2(high='red', mid='grey95', low='blue') +
  xlab('') + ylab('')

p

We can visualize the MEs directly on the spatial coordinates using SpatialFeaturePlot.

p <- SpatialFeaturePlot(
  seurat_obj,
  features = mods,
  alpha = c(0.1, 1),
  ncol = 8
)

p

Next we visualize the co-expression network using UMAP. Please refer to the network visualization tutorial for more details about visualizing the co-expression network.

# perform UMAP embedding on the co-expression network
seurat_obj <- RunModuleUMAP(
  seurat_obj,
  n_hubs = 5,
  n_neighbors=15,
  min_dist=0.3,
  spread=1
)

# make the network plot
ModuleUMAPPlot(
  seurat_obj,
  edge.alpha=0.5,
  sample_edges=TRUE,
  keep_grey_edges=FALSE,
  edge_prop=0.075, 
  label_hubs=5 
)

Curio Seeker Dataset

In this section we perform a similar analysis using a mouse hippocampus dataset from Curio Bioscience. This dataset is not publicly available, but we obtained this dataset directly from Curio by filling out this form on their website. Curio provided a fully processed Seurat seurat_vhd, so for this tutorial we are simply using the Seurat seurat_vhd and clustering that they provided.

Load dataset

First we load the Seurat seurat_vhd containing the mouse hippocampus dataset provided by Curio. We will also make a few plots to show the clustering in transcriptome space (UMAP reduction) and in the biological coordinates. Note that this dataset provides a “dim reduction” called “SPATIAL” which contains the 2D biological coordinates.

# load the Seurat seurat_vhd
seurat_curio <- readRDS(paste0(data_dir, 'curio_datasets/Mouse_hippocampus_v1pt1/Mouse_hippocampus_seurat.rds'))

# make a dimplot in transcriptome space
p1 <- DimPlot(seurat_curio, label=TRUE, reduction = "umap") +
  NoLegend() + umap_theme() + ggtitle('UMAP')

# make a dimplot in biological space
p2 <- DimPlot(seurat_curio, reduction='SPATIAL', pt.size=0.5) + 
  umap_theme() + ggtitle('Spatial')

p1 | p2

This plot is a little crowded so can make another DimPlot split by cluster to see each
cluster on its own.

p <- DimPlot(
  seurat_curio, 
  split.by='seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'SPATIAL',
  ncol=6
) + NoLegend() + umap_theme() 

p

Construct Metacells with MetacellsByGroups

While Visium ST uses a grid of spots to assign molecular barcodes in space, Curio Seeker uses small beads to capture transcriptome information at 10 microns. Importantly, these beads are not regularly spaced like in Visium. Therefore, the MetaspotsByGroups function that we used for the Visium dataset is not appropriate for Curio Seeker data. Instead, we will use MetacellsByGroups but we will specify the reduction as the spatial information, so cells that are close together in biological space will be aggregated into metacells.

# Change the default assay to "RNA", SCTransform is generally not recommended for hdWGCNA.
seurat_curio <- DefaultAssay(seurat_curio, 'RNA')

seurat_curio <- SetupForWGCNA(
  seurat_curio,
  gene_select = "fraction", 
  fraction = 0.01, 
  wgcna_name = "curio" 
)

# construct metacells  in each group
seurat_curio <- MetacellsByGroups(
  seurat_obj = seurat_curio,
  group.by = c("seurat_clusters"), 
  ident.group = 'seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'SPATIAL',
  k = 50, 
  max_shared = 15, 
  assay = 'RNA'
)

# normalize metacell expression matrix:
seurat_curio <- NormalizeMetacells(seurat_curio)

We can calculate the average X and Y coordinates for each metacell and plot them to check if they are aggregated based on spatial proximityfor each cluster as we expect.

Show code for calculating metacell spatial coordinates 
# get the metacell seurat_vhd
m_obj <- GetMetacellseurat_vhd(seurat_curio)
m_obj$seurat_clusters <- factor(
  m_obj$seurat_clusters,
  levels = levels(seurat_curio$seurat_clusters)
)

# get the image coordinates from the seurat obj and add to the metadata
spatial_coords <- seurat_curio@images$slice1@coordinates
seurat_curio@meta.data$spatial_x <- spatial_coords$x * -1
seurat_curio@meta.data$spatial_y <- spatial_coords$y
seurat_curio$barcode <- colnames(seurat_curio)

# loop over each metacell and calculate the average X and Y
meta_spatial_coords <- do.call(rbind, lapply(1:ncol(m_obj), function(i){
  x <- m_obj@meta.data$cells_merged[i]
  cur_bcs <- str_split(x, ',')[[1]]
  cur_df <- subset(seurat_curio@meta.data, barcode %in% cur_bcs)
  cur_x <- mean(cur_df$spatial_x)
  cur_y <- mean(cur_df$spatial_y)
  data.frame(spatial_1 = cur_y, spatial_2=cur_x)
}))
rownames(meta_spatial_coords) <- colnames(m_obj)

# add this as a dim reduct
m_obj@reductions$spatial <- CreateDimReducseurat_vhd(
  embeddings = as.matrix(meta_spatial_coords),
  key = 'spatial'
)

p <- DimPlot(
  m_obj, 
  split.by='seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'spatial',
  ncol=6
) + NoLegend() + umap_theme() 

p

Co-expression network analysis

Now that we have our metacells, we next carry out co-expression network analysis with hdWGCNA, similar to as we have done before. Here we perform network analysis on cluster 6, which appears to contain the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus and the granular layer of the dentate gyrus.

# set up the expression matrix
seurat_curio  <- SetDatExpr(
  seurat_curio,
  group.by='seurat_clusters',
  group_name = '6'
)

# test different soft power thresholds
seurat_curio <- TestSoftPowers(seurat_curio)

# construct co-expression network:
seurat_curio <- ConstructNetwork(
  seurat_curio,
  tom_name='curio',
  overwrite_tom=TRUE
)

# compute module eigengenes & connectivity
seurat_curio <- ModuleEigengenes(seurat_curio)
seurat_curio <- ModuleConnectivity(
  seurat_curio,
  group.by = 'seurat_clusters', 
  group_name = '6'
)

# plot the dendrogram 
PlotDendrogram(seurat_curio, main='Curio hdWGCNA dendrogram')

Next we plot the expression of these modules in the tissue coordinates.

plot_list <- ModuleFeaturePlot(
  seurat_curio,
  reduction = 'SPATIAL',
  restrict_range=FALSE
)

wrap_plots(plot_list, ncol=4)

This concludes the part of the tutorial for the Curio dataset, but from here we could proceed to perform downstream analysis and more data visualization.

10X Visium HD Dataset

Here we perform a similar analysis using Visium HD, the second major version of sequencing-based ST from 10X Genomics. This is a similar technology to the standard Visium, where the main difference is that the “spots” are much smaller and there is no gap in between them. Visium HD spots are closer to single-cell resolution, however some spots may still span more than one cell, and furthermore one spot could be subcellular.

Overall, this workflow is similar to the one shown for the Curio Seeker dataset.

Load dataset

The mouse brain Visium HD dataset can be downloaded diectly from 10X Genomics at this link.

# use the 008um resolution for this tutorial
seurat_vhd <- Load10X_Spatial(data.dir='path/to/dataset/square_008um/')

Clustering analysis

Here we follow the Seurat Visium HD tutorial to perform a basic clustering analysis. In practice, you should perform clustering analysis and QC that best suits your dataset, here we simply use Seurat for convenience to demonstrate hdWGCNA.

seurat_vhd <- NormalizeData(seurat_vhd)
seurat_vhd <- FindVariableFeatures(seurat_vhd)
seurat_vhd <- ScaleData(seurat_vhd)
seurat_vhd <- RunPCA(seurat_vhd)
seurat_vhd <- FindNeighbors(seurat_vhd, reduction = "pca", dims = 1:30)
seurat_vhd <- FindClusters(seurat_vhd)

# get the image coordinates from the seurat obj and add to the metadata
spatial_coords <- as.data.frame(seurat_vhd@reductions$spatial@cell.embeddings)
seurat_vhd@meta.data$spatial_x <- spatial_coords$spatial_1 * -1
seurat_vhd@meta.data$spatial_y <- spatial_coords$spatial_2
seurat_vhd$barcode <- colnames(seurat_vhd)

# add this as a dim reduct
seurat_vhd@reductions$spatial <- CreateDimReducObject(
  embeddings = as.matrix(spatial_coords),
  key = 'spatial'
)

p <- DimPlot(
  seurat_vhd, 
  split.by='seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'spatial',
  ncol=9
) + NoLegend() + umap_theme() 

p

Construct Metacells with MetacellsByGroups

Here we set up the genes that we will use for co-expression network analysis (variable features), and then we construct metacells. For Visium HD, we will merge spatially proximal spots using the MetacellsByGroups function instead of MetaspotsByGroups, which is only used for standard Visium. In order for us to use MetacellsByGroups for spatial data, similar to the Curio dataset, we need to create a “dimensionality reduction” in the Seurat object that contains the spatial coordinates.

# create the spatial reduction
coords <- as.matrix(GetTissueCoordinates(seurat_vhd)[,c('x', 'y')])
colnames(coords) <- c('spatial_1', 'spatial_2')
seurat_vhd@reductions$spatial <- CreateDimReducObject(
  embeddings = coords,
  assay = 'RNA',
  key = 'spatial_'
)

seurat_vhd <- SetupForWGCNA(
  seurat_vhd,
  gene_select = "variable", 
  wgcna_name = "vhd" 
)
length(GetWGCNAGenes(seurat_vhd))

# construct metacells  in each group
seurat_vhd <- MetacellsByGroups(
  seurat_obj = seurat_vhd,
  group.by = c("seurat_clusters"), 
  ident.group = 'seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'spatial',
  k = 50, 
  max_shared = 15
)

We can calculate the average X and Y coordinates for each metacell and plot them to check if they are aggregated based on spatial proximityfor each cluster as we expect.

Show code for calculating metacell spatial coordinates 
# get the metacell object
m_obj <- GetMetacellObject(seurat_vhd)
m_obj$seurat_clusters <- factor(
  m_obj$seurat_clusters,
  levels = levels(seurat_vhd$seurat_clusters)
)

# get the image coordinates from the seurat obj and add to the metadata
spatial_coords <- as.data.frame(seurat_vhd@reductions$spatial@cell.embeddings)
seurat_vhd@meta.data$spatial_x <- spatial_coords$spatial_1 * -1
seurat_vhd@meta.data$spatial_y <- spatial_coords$spatial_2
seurat_vhd$barcode <- colnames(seurat_vhd)

# loop over each metacell and calculate the average X and Y
meta_spatial_coords <- do.call(rbind, lapply(1:ncol(m_obj), function(i){
  x <- m_obj@meta.data$cells_merged[i]
  cur_bcs <- str_split(x, ',')[[1]]
  cur_df <- subset(seurat_vhd@meta.data, barcode %in% cur_bcs)
  cur_x <- mean(cur_df$spatial_x)
  cur_y <- mean(cur_df$spatial_y)
  data.frame(spatial_1 = cur_y, spatial_2=cur_x)
}))
rownames(meta_spatial_coords) <- colnames(m_obj)

# add this as a dim reduct
m_obj@reductions$spatial <- CreateDimReducObject(
  embeddings = as.matrix(meta_spatial_coords),
  key = 'spatial'
)

p <- DimPlot(
  m_obj, 
  split.by='seurat_clusters',
  reduction = 'spatial',
  ncol=9
) + NoLegend() + umap_theme() 

p

Co-expression network analysis

We are now ready to perform co-expression network analysis, similar to as we did above.

# set up the expression matrix
seurat_vhd  <- SetDatExpr(seurat_vhd)

# test different soft power thresholds
seurat_vhd <- TestSoftPowers(seurat_vhd)

# construct co-expression network:
seurat_vhd <- ConstructNetwork(
  seurat_vhd,
  tom_name='vhd'
)

# compute module eigengenes & connectivity
seurat_vhd <- ModuleEigengenes(seurat_vhd)
seurat_vhd <- ModuleConnectivity(
  seurat_vhd
)

# plot the dendrogram
PlotDendrogram(seurat_vhd, main='Visium HD hdWGCNA dendrogram')

Next we plot the expression of these modules in the spatial coordinates.

plot_list <- ModuleFeaturePlot(
  seurat_vhd,
  reduction = 'spatial',
  restrict_range=FALSE
)

wrap_plots(plot_list, ncol=3)

This concludes the part of the tutorial for the Visium HD dataset, but from here we could proceed to perform downstream analysis and more data visualization.

Conclusion and next steps

In this tutorial we demonstrated the core functions for performing co-expression network analysis in two types of ST datasets: Visium and Slide-Seq. Now that you have constructed a co-expression network and identified gene modules, there are many downstream analysis tasks which you can take advantage of within hdWGCNA. To provide more depth to your co-expression modules, we encourage you to explore the network visualization tutorial and the enrichment analysis tutorial.

To compare different biological conditions using hdWGCNA, check out the following tutorials.

For more advanced analysis, such as Transcription factor regulatory network analysis, please check out the following tutorials.